MIME regional assessment of status and trends in metal concentrations in biota

Overview

The 2017 MIME assessment describes the trends and status of contaminant concentrations in biota and sediment at monitoring stations in the OSPAR area. Assessments are made for a large number of time series, each of a single contaminant in a single species (for biota) at a single monitoring station. This document is one of a series that synthesises the results of the individual time series to assess status and trends at the MIME regional level. In particular, it considers metal concentrations in biota, where the metals are HG, CD, PB. For simplicity, the term ‘region’ is used throughout to describe MIME regions. OSPAR regions are always referred to as such.

The following sections:

  • summarise the individual time series results
  • describe the methods used to combine the individual time series results to estimate regional trends and status
  • present the estimates of regional trends
  • present the estimates of regional status


Summary of individual time series results

A time series of metal concentrations is assessed for status if:

  • there is at least one year with data in the period 2010 to 2015
  • there are at least three years of data over the whole time series
  • a parametric model can be fitted to the data and used to estimate the mean concentration in the final monitoring year (or, occasionally, if a non-parametric test of status is applied)

The conditions are more stringent for trends. Specifically, a time series is assessed for trends if:

  • there is at least one year with data in the period 2010 to 2015
  • there are at least five years of data over the whole time series
  • a parametric model can be fitted to the data and used to estimate the trend in mean concentrations

Note that all trend assessments for individual time series and most status assessments are based on the fit of a parametric model. This is important because only the parametric results are passed into the regional assessments in the following sections. Only 12 of 1136 metal time series were assessed for status using a non-parametric test.

The first tab below shows all the monitoring stations where there are individual time series assessments of trend or status for metals. The magenta circles are stations where there is a trend assessment for at least one metal, and the cyan cirles are stations where there are only status assessments.

The next set of tabs show the trend and status assessments for each metal in turn. The colours have the following meaning:

  • blue: the mean concentration is significantly (p < 0.05) below the Background Assessment Concentration (BAC)
  • orange: the mean concentration is significantly (p < 0.05) below the European Commission food standard (EC)
  • red: the mean concentration is not signficantly below the European Commission food standard (EC)
  • black: there are no assessment criteria available

And the shapes have the following meaning:

  • downward triangle: the mean concentration is significantly decreasing (p < 0.05)
  • circle: there is no significant change in mean concentration (p > 0.05)
  • upward triangle: the mean concentration is significantly increasing (p < 0.05)

The final set of tabs give:

  • the number of time series with upwards, downwards or no trend in each MiME and OSPAR region
  • the same information presented as proportions
  • the number of time series with blue, orange, or red status in each MIME and OSPAR region
  • the same information presented as proportions

Note that orange is used to show time series where the mean concentration is significantly below the EC, rather than green (which is used for metals in sediment and other contaminant groups in biota and sediment when compared to their EC ‘equivalent’). This is because the EC is a food standard to protect human health rather than an environmental standard to protect sensitive marine organisms. A time series significantly below the EC therefore cannot be used to infer good environmental status and orange is used to reflect ths ambiguous status. Clearly, a time series that is not significantly below the EC indicates concern and is coloured red.


Stations


HG


CD


PB


Trend summary (numbers)

Number of time series with upwards, downwards or no trend by MIME and OSPAR region

OSPAR region MIME region status HG CD PB total
1 Barents Sea upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 5 7 4 16
downward trend 3 1 3 7
Norwegian Sea upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 1 2 0 3
downward trend 0 0 1 1
total upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 6 9 4 19
downward trend 3 1 4 8
2 Norwegian Trench upward trend 3 1 0 4
no trend 10 5 4 19
downward trend 8 13 13 34
Northern North Sea upward trend 5 8 8 21
no trend 28 25 22 75
downward trend 11 8 11 30
Skagerrak and Kattegat upward trend 5 5 2 12
no trend 24 15 19 58
downward trend 1 4 6 11
Southern North Sea upward trend 4 8 2 14
no trend 28 25 23 76
downward trend 5 3 9 17
Channel upward trend 4 3 0 7
no trend 23 20 8 51
downward trend 4 8 22 34
total upward trend 21 25 12 58
no trend 113 90 76 279
downward trend 29 36 61 126
3 Irish and Scottish West Coast upward trend 2 3 4 9
no trend 22 18 26 66
downward trend 3 12 2 17
Irish Sea upward trend 6 4 4 14
no trend 30 27 32 89
downward trend 7 17 11 35
Celtic Sea upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 5 3 8 16
downward trend 1 7 2 10
total upward trend 8 7 8 23
no trend 57 48 66 171
downward trend 11 36 15 62
4 Northern Bay of Biscay upward trend 0 2 1 3
no trend 22 13 10 45
downward trend 7 13 18 38
Iberian Sea upward trend 0 3 1 4
no trend 15 11 10 36
downward trend 8 9 12 29
Gulf of Cadiz upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 1 1 1 3
downward trend 0 0 0 0
total upward trend 0 5 2 7
no trend 38 25 21 84
downward trend 15 22 30 67


Trend summary (proportions)

Proportion of time series with upwards, downwards or no trend by MIME and OSPAR region

OSPAR region MIME region status HG CD PB total
1 Barents Sea upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 62 88 57 70
downward trend 38 12 43 30
Norwegian Sea upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 100 100 0 75
downward trend 0 0 100 25
total upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 67 90 50 70
downward trend 33 10 50 30
2 Norwegian Trench upward trend 14 5 0 7
no trend 48 26 24 33
downward trend 38 69 76 60
Northern North Sea upward trend 11 19 19 17
no trend 64 61 54 59
downward trend 25 20 27 24
Skagerrak and Kattegat upward trend 17 21 8 15
no trend 80 62 70 72
downward trend 3 17 22 13
Southern North Sea upward trend 11 22 6 13
no trend 76 70 68 71
downward trend 13 8 26 16
Channel upward trend 13 10 0 8
no trend 74 64 27 55
downward trend 13 26 73 37
total upward trend 13 16 8 13
no trend 69 60 51 60
downward trend 18 24 41 27
3 Irish and Scottish West Coast upward trend 7 9 13 10
no trend 82 55 81 72
downward trend 11 36 6 18
Irish Sea upward trend 14 8 9 10
no trend 70 56 68 65
downward trend 16 36 23 25
Celtic Sea upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 83 30 80 62
downward trend 17 70 20 38
total upward trend 11 8 9 9
no trend 75 53 74 67
downward trend 14 39 17 24
4 Northern Bay of Biscay upward trend 0 7 3 4
no trend 76 47 35 52
downward trend 24 46 62 44
Iberian Sea upward trend 0 13 4 6
no trend 65 48 44 52
downward trend 35 39 52 42
Gulf of Cadiz upward trend 0 0 0 0
no trend 100 100 100 100
downward trend 0 0 0 0
total upward trend 0 10 4 5
no trend 72 48 40 53
downward trend 28 42 56 42


Status summary (numbers)

Number of time series with each status by MIME and OSPAR region

OSPAR region MIME region status HG CD PB total
1 Barents Sea blue 5 0 4 9
orange 4 8 5 17
red 0 1 1 2
Norwegian Sea blue 0 1 0 1
orange 2 2 4 8
red 0 0 0 0
total blue 5 1 4 10
orange 6 10 9 25
red 0 1 1 2
2 Norwegian Trench blue 4 5 4 13
orange 22 16 16 54
red 0 0 5 5
Northern North Sea blue 1 18 3 22
orange 47 27 43 117
red 0 3 2 5
Skagerrak and Kattegat blue 7 4 12 23
orange 29 27 19 75
red 0 1 2 3
Southern North Sea blue 2 3 4 9
orange 41 37 37 115
red 0 2 0 2
Channel blue 5 23 9 37
orange 28 10 24 62
red 0 0 0 0
total blue 19 53 32 104
orange 167 117 139 423
red 0 6 9 15
3 Irish and Scottish West Coast blue 9 17 19 45
orange 31 24 22 77
red 0 0 0 0
Irish Sea blue 4 18 6 28
orange 48 36 43 127
red 1 0 5 6
Celtic Sea blue 1 8 5 14
orange 11 3 5 19
red 0 1 2 3
total blue 14 43 30 87
orange 90 63 70 223
red 1 1 7 9
4 Northern Bay of Biscay blue 6 23 14 43
orange 23 3 15 41
red 0 3 0 3
Iberian Sea blue 7 30 9 46
orange 37 15 31 83
red 0 0 4 4
Gulf of Cadiz blue 0 1 0 1
orange 4 3 1 8
red 0 0 3 3
total blue 13 54 23 90
orange 64 21 47 132
red 0 3 7 10


Status summary (proportions)

Proportion of time series with each status by MIME and OSPAR region

OSPAR region MIME region status HG CD PB total
1 Barents Sea blue 56 0 40 32
orange 44 89 50 61
red 0 11 10 7
Norwegian Sea blue 0 33 0 11
orange 100 67 100 89
red 0 0 0 0
total blue 45 9 29 27
orange 55 83 64 68
red 0 8 7 5
2 Norwegian Trench blue 15 24 16 18
orange 85 76 64 75
red 0 0 20 7
Northern North Sea blue 2 38 6 15
orange 98 56 90 81
red 0 6 4 4
Skagerrak and Kattegat blue 19 13 36 23
orange 81 84 58 74
red 0 3 6 3
Southern North Sea blue 5 7 10 7
orange 95 88 90 91
red 0 5 0 2
Channel blue 15 70 27 37
orange 85 30 73 63
red 0 0 0 0
total blue 10 30 18 19
orange 90 67 77 78
red 0 3 5 3
3 Irish and Scottish West Coast blue 22 41 46 37
orange 78 59 54 63
red 0 0 0 0
Irish Sea blue 7 33 11 17
orange 91 67 80 79
red 2 0 9 4
Celtic Sea blue 8 67 41 39
orange 92 25 42 53
red 0 8 17 8
total blue 13 40 28 27
orange 86 59 65 70
red 1 1 7 3
4 Northern Bay of Biscay blue 21 79 48 49
orange 79 11 52 47
red 0 10 0 4
Iberian Sea blue 16 67 21 35
orange 84 33 70 62
red 0 0 9 3
Gulf of Cadiz blue 0 25 0 8
orange 100 75 25 67
red 0 0 75 25
total blue 17 69 30 39
orange 83 27 61 57
red 0 4 9 4


MIME regional assessment - methods

Tabulating the number of time series with each status category by region provides a quick summary of the individual time series results. However, it does not provide an objective regional assessment of status. Similarly, tabulating the number of time series with an upward or downward trend does not provide an objective regional assessment of trend. This section describes how the individual time series results can by synthesised in a meta-analysis to assess both status and trend at the regional level.

Trends

For a regional trend assessment, the trend in each time series is summarised by the estimated change in log concentration over the last twenty years (or shorter if the time series doesn’t extend that far back). Regional trends are then estimated by fitting the following linear mixed model by restricted maximum likelihood:

  • response: trend (yearly change in log concentration)
  • fixed model: region * metal
  • random model: station + trend estimation variation + residual variation

The fixed model means that a separate regional trend is estimated for each metal. The random model has three terms:

  • station allows for variation in trend between stations common to all metals
  • trend estimation variation is the variance of the trend estimates from the individual time series analysis, assumed known and fixed
  • residual variation is the variation that cannot be explained by any of the fixed effects or the other random effects

The meta-analysis is restricted to time series from monitoring stations that are classified as ‘representative’. ‘Baseline’ stations (those with near pristine conditions or only subject to very diffuse inputs) are omitted because any trends there will likely be caused by different processes to those at representative stations. Similarly ‘impacted’ stations (those close to a point source) are omitted because trends there will likely reflect changes due to the point source, and will be ‘unrepresentative’ at the regional level.

The meta-analysis is further restricted to regions and metal combinations with at least three trend stations with good geographic spread. Three stations is considered the minimum required to provide some sort of evidence base at the regional level.

Status

For a regional status assessment, the status of each time series is summarised by the difference between the estimated mean log concentration in the final monitoring year and the log assessment concentration. This ensures that status is always measured on the same scale, even though the assessment criterion might vary between metals and time series. Essentially the same linear mixed model as for trends is then fitted:

  • response: status (mean log concentration - log assessment concentration)
  • fixed model: region * metal
  • random model: station + status estimation variation + residual variation

where status estimation variation is the variation in the status estimates from the individual time series analysis, assumed known and fixed.

There are no restrictions on the time series used in the status meta-analysis based on the classification of the monitoring station; time series from baseline, representative and impacted stations are all included. However, the few time series with a non-parametric assessment of status must be excluded, because there is no summary measure of status to use in the mixed model.

Again, the meta-analysis is restricted to regions and metal combinations with at least three status stations with good geographic spread.

Presentation

The results of both the trend and status regional assessments are back-transformed for presentation. The estimated regional trend is then interpreted as the percentage yearly change in concentration and the estimated regional status as the ratio of the mean regional concentration to the assessment concentration. To illustrate the latter, a value of 1 indicates that the mean regional concentration is equal to the assessment concentration; a value of 0.5 indicates that it is half the assessment concentration, and a value of 2 indicates that it is twice the assessment concentration.


Regional assessment - availability of time series

This section provides more detail on the number and geographic spread of the time series available for the meta-analyses. The tabs show the stations with parametric trend and status assessments for each OSPAR region in turn, having excluded trend assessments at baseline and impacted stations. The magenta circles are stations where there is a trend assessment for at least one metal, and the cyan cirles are stations where there are only status assessments.

The following regions have an insufficient number or time series or spread of stations and are excluded from the regional assessment:

  • trend: Barents Sea, Gulf of Cadiz, Norwegian Sea
  • status: Norwegian Sea


OSPAR region 1


OSPAR region 2


OSPAR region 3


OSPAR region 4


Regional trends

The first 3 tabs show:

  • Regional trends by metal: regional trend estimates with pointwise 95% confidence limits by metal
  • Regional trends by region: regional trend estimates with pointwise 95% confidence limits by region
  • Individual time series: the trend estimates from the individual time series on which the regional assessment is based. The estimates from regions with insufficient geographic spread (and excluded from the meta-analysis) are also shown.

The symbols in all these plots have the following interpretation:

  • downward triangle: the mean concentration is significantly decreasing (p < 0.05)
  • circle: there is no change in mean concentration (p > 0.05)
  • upward triangle: the mean concentration is significantly increasing (p < 0.05)

The final tab show the estimates of the regional trend by metal.


Regional trends by metal


Regional trends by region


Individual time series



Estimates by region and metal

This table shows the estimates of the regional trend by determinand:

  • trend: the estimated mean yearly change in log concentration across the region (multiplied by 100 for presentation)
  • se: the corresponding standard error
  • lower, upper: the corresponding pointwise 95% confidence limits
  • % yearly change: the estimated mean % yearly change in concentration across the region
  • %yc lower, %yc upper: the corresponding pointwise 95% confidence limits


MIME region metal trend se lower upper % yearly change %yc lower %yc upper
Norwegian Trench HG -0.47 1.05 -2.53 1.60 -0.47 -2.50 1.61
CD -5.85 1.16 -8.13 -3.58 -5.69 -7.81 -3.51
PB -4.43 1.18 -6.74 -2.12 -4.33 -6.51 -2.09
Northern North Sea HG -0.88 0.65 -2.15 0.39 -0.87 -2.12 0.39
CD 0.37 0.65 -0.91 1.66 0.38 -0.90 1.67
PB -0.99 0.73 -2.42 0.44 -0.98 -2.39 0.44
Skagerrak and Kattegat HG 0.71 0.90 -1.06 2.48 0.71 -1.05 2.51
CD -0.55 0.95 -2.40 1.31 -0.55 -2.37 1.31
PB -2.19 0.98 -4.12 -0.27 -2.17 -4.04 -0.27
Southern North Sea HG 0.01 0.69 -1.34 1.37 0.01 -1.33 1.38
CD 2.20 0.71 0.81 3.59 2.22 0.81 3.65
PB -2.39 0.77 -3.90 -0.88 -2.36 -3.82 -0.88
Channel HG -0.16 0.68 -1.48 1.17 -0.16 -1.47 1.17
CD -0.75 0.69 -2.09 0.60 -0.75 -2.07 0.60
PB -2.98 0.68 -4.33 -1.64 -2.94 -4.23 -1.63
Irish and Scottish West Coast HG -0.49 0.94 -2.33 1.35 -0.49 -2.30 1.36
CD -1.59 0.83 -3.22 0.05 -1.57 -3.17 0.05
PB 0.91 0.90 -0.86 2.68 0.91 -0.85 2.71
Irish Sea HG -0.62 0.63 -1.85 0.61 -0.62 -1.83 0.61
CD -3.23 0.63 -4.46 -2.00 -3.18 -4.36 -1.98
PB -2.45 0.67 -3.77 -1.13 -2.42 -3.70 -1.12
Celtic Sea HG 1.95 2.43 -2.82 6.72 1.96 -2.78 6.95
CD -6.93 2.03 -10.90 -2.96 -6.70 -10.33 -2.91
PB -1.58 2.09 -5.67 2.52 -1.57 -5.52 2.55
Northern Bay of Biscay HG -0.85 0.70 -2.22 0.52 -0.85 -2.19 0.52
CD -2.09 0.70 -3.46 -0.72 -2.07 -3.40 -0.72
PB -1.82 0.69 -3.17 -0.47 -1.81 -3.12 -0.47
Iberian Sea HG -1.97 0.86 -3.64 -0.29 -1.95 -3.58 -0.29
CD -1.00 0.83 -2.62 0.63 -0.99 -2.59 0.63
PB -3.30 0.86 -4.99 -1.61 -3.25 -4.87 -1.59


Regional status compared to the European Commission food standard (EC)

The first 3 tabs show:

  • Regional status by metal: regional status estimates with pointwise upper one-sided 95% confidence limits by metal
  • Regional status by region: regional status estimates with pointwise upper one-sided 95% confidence limits by region
  • Individual time series: the status estimates from the individual time series on which the regional assessment is based. The estimates from regions with insufficient geographic spread (and excluded from the meta-analysis) are also shown.

The symbols in all the plots have the following interpretation:

  • blue: the mean concentration is significantly (p < 0.05) below the Background Assessment Concentration (BAC)
  • orange: the mean concentration is significantly (p < 0.05) below the EC
  • red: the estimate of the mean concentration is not significantly below the EC

Note that to see why some points are coloured blue, it is necessary to look ahead to the next section, where status is compared to the BAC. Unfortunately, it isn’t easy to present the assessment of status relative to the EC with the assessment of status relative to the BAC because the ratio of the BAC to the EC can vary between metals, between regions and, for biota, between species.

The final tab show the estimates of the regional status by metal.


Regional status by metal


Regional status by region


Individual time series



Estimates by region and metal

This table shows the estimates of regional status by determinand:

  • status: the estimated mean log concentration minus the log EC
  • se: the corresponding standard error
  • upper: the corresponding pointwise upper one-sided 95% confidence limit
  • concentration: the estimated mean concentration relative to the EC
  • conc upper: the corresponding pointwise upper one-sided 95% confidence limit


MIME region metal status se upper concentration conc upper
Barents Sea HG -3.23 0.26 -2.80 0.04 0.06
CD -1.65 0.27 -1.20 0.19 0.30
PB -2.92 0.28 -2.46 0.05 0.09
Norwegian Trench HG -2.66 0.15 -2.40 0.07 0.09
CD -2.21 0.18 -1.91 0.11 0.15
PB -1.86 0.17 -1.58 0.16 0.21
Northern North Sea HG -2.60 0.11 -2.42 0.07 0.09
CD -1.79 0.11 -1.61 0.17 0.20
PB -1.68 0.11 -1.50 0.19 0.22
Skagerrak and Kattegat HG -2.93 0.13 -2.72 0.05 0.07
CD -2.07 0.14 -1.83 0.13 0.16
PB -2.62 0.14 -2.39 0.07 0.09
Southern North Sea HG -2.22 0.12 -2.03 0.11 0.13
CD -1.69 0.12 -1.49 0.19 0.23
PB -2.82 0.12 -2.62 0.06 0.07
Channel HG -3.04 0.13 -2.82 0.05 0.06
CD -2.16 0.14 -1.93 0.12 0.14
PB -2.10 0.13 -1.88 0.12 0.15
Irish and Scottish West Coast HG -3.16 0.12 -2.95 0.04 0.05
CD -1.93 0.12 -1.73 0.15 0.18
PB -2.41 0.12 -2.20 0.09 0.11
Irish Sea HG -2.49 0.11 -2.31 0.08 0.10
CD -1.96 0.10 -1.79 0.14 0.17
PB -1.62 0.11 -1.45 0.20 0.24
Celtic Sea HG -3.02 0.24 -2.63 0.05 0.07
CD -2.30 0.23 -1.92 0.10 0.15
PB -1.93 0.23 -1.54 0.15 0.21
Northern Bay of Biscay HG -2.86 0.14 -2.62 0.06 0.07
CD -1.41 0.14 -1.17 0.25 0.31
PB -2.02 0.14 -1.78 0.13 0.17
Iberian Sea HG -3.15 0.11 -2.96 0.04 0.05
CD -2.19 0.11 -2.01 0.11 0.13
PB -1.65 0.11 -1.46 0.19 0.23
Gulf of Cadiz HG -3.01 0.41 -2.33 0.05 0.10
CD -2.42 0.41 -1.75 0.09 0.17
PB -1.49 0.49 -0.68 0.23 0.51


Regional status compared to the Background Assessment Concentration (BAC)

The first 3 tabs show:

  • Regional status by metal: regional status estimates with pointwise upper one-sided 95% confidence limits by metal
  • Regional status by region: regional status estimates with pointwise upper one-sided 95% confidence limits by region
  • Individual time series: the status estimates from the individual time series on which the regional assessment is based. The estimates from regions with insufficient geographic spread (and excluded from the meta-analysis) are also shown.

The symbols in all the plots have the following interpretation:

  • blue: the mean concentration is significantly (p < 0.05) below the BAC
  • orange: the mean concentration is significantly (p < 0.05) below the European Commission food standard (EC)
  • red: the estimate of the mean concentration is not significantly below the EC

The final tab show the estimates of the regional status by metal.


Regional status by metal


Regional status by region


Individual time series



Estimates by region and metal

This table shows the estimates of regional status by determinand:

  • status: the estimated mean log concentration minus the log BAC
  • se: the corresponding standard error
  • upper: the corresponding pointwise upper one-sided 95% confidence limit
  • concentration: the estimated mean concentration relative to the BAC
  • conc upper: the corresponding pointwise upper one-sided 95% confidence limit


MIME region metal status se upper concentration conc upper
Barents Sea HG -0.18 0.27 0.26 0.84 1.30
CD 1.14 0.27 1.59 3.13 4.90
PB -0.10 0.28 0.36 0.91 1.43
Norwegian Trench HG 0.56 0.16 0.82 1.75 2.27
CD 0.30 0.18 0.59 1.34 1.80
PB 0.62 0.17 0.90 1.86 2.46
Northern North Sea HG 0.66 0.11 0.85 1.93 2.33
CD 0.55 0.11 0.74 1.74 2.10
PB 0.85 0.11 1.04 2.34 2.83
Skagerrak and Kattegat HG 0.27 0.13 0.49 1.32 1.64
CD 0.33 0.14 0.57 1.39 1.76
PB -0.10 0.14 0.14 0.90 1.15
Southern North Sea HG 0.76 0.12 0.96 2.14 2.61
CD 1.16 0.12 1.37 3.20 3.92
PB 0.36 0.13 0.57 1.44 1.77
Channel HG 0.18 0.14 0.41 1.20 1.51
CD -0.40 0.14 -0.17 0.67 0.84
PB 0.04 0.14 0.27 1.04 1.31
Irish and Scottish West Coast HG 0.06 0.13 0.27 1.07 1.32
CD -0.11 0.13 0.10 0.90 1.10
PB -0.25 0.13 -0.05 0.78 0.96
Irish Sea HG 0.62 0.11 0.80 1.86 2.23
CD 0.25 0.11 0.43 1.28 1.53
PB 0.92 0.11 1.10 2.51 3.01
Celtic Sea HG 0.25 0.24 0.65 1.28 1.92
CD -0.17 0.23 0.21 0.84 1.23
PB 0.35 0.24 0.74 1.41 2.09
Northern Bay of Biscay HG 0.05 0.15 0.29 1.05 1.34
CD -0.50 0.15 -0.26 0.61 0.77
PB -0.18 0.15 0.06 0.84 1.06
Iberian Sea HG 0.29 0.12 0.48 1.33 1.62
CD -0.31 0.12 -0.12 0.73 0.89
PB 0.36 0.12 0.55 1.43 1.74
Gulf of Cadiz HG 0.17 0.42 0.86 1.19 2.36
CD -0.32 0.41 0.36 0.72 1.43
PB 0.90 0.50 1.72 2.47 5.58